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Class 12 Chapter 9 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems (English Medium)

Que1.            What is environmental pollution? Tell its types. Or what is the difference between pollution and pollutants?

ANS. Unwanted substances in the environment which are harmful to the environment are called environmental pollution.

When man crosses the limits of nature and acts against the ecosystem, pollution begins. Dust, smoke, filth, solid particles, dirty water, unnecessary noise etc. are called environmental pollutants.

 

Types of environmental pollution:-

1. Water pollution

2. Air pollution

3. Noise pollution

4. Ground or soil pollution

 

Que2.            What is water pollution? Tell its reasons and its solutions. Or describe the nature of water pollution in India.

ANS. Unwanted substances in water which are harmful to the health of water and animals are called water pollution.

 

Causes of water pollution: -

1. Dumping dirty water and sewerage from cities, human settlements and factories into rivers.

2. Population growth.

3. Industrial waste, like leather industry – Kanpur, pollutes the river Ganga.

4. Soil erosion caused by intense rainfall in the mountains.

5. Remains of plants and animals.

6. Location of petrochemical industry, textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry etc. on the banks of rivers.

7. Heap of urban waste and garbage.

8. Mixing of contaminated water with ground water during rains.

9. Oil leakage from oil tankers in the seas.

10. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural sector i.e. fields.

11. Due to pilgrimages, religious fairs, tourism etc.

12. To shed the ashes in the rivers.

13. Waste water of Delhi is the main cause of pollution of Yamuna River.

 

Effects of water pollution:-

1. Water borne diseases, like diarrhea, intestinal worms, hepatitis.

2. Contamination of ground water.

3. Degradation of water quality of rivers.

4. Death of river or aquatic organisms.

5. Threat to the existence of aquatic organisms.

6. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, about one-fourth of the communicable diseases in India are water-borne.

 

Measures to prevent water pollution:-

1. Recycling water.

2. Making strict rules and laws and giving strict punishment for contempt.

3. To control the population.

4. To dispose of waste as organic fertilizer.

5. To increase public awareness.

6. To prevent water pollution, Ganga cleaning campaign “Namami Gange Programme” has been started at the national level. Under which, to reduce the pollution of Ganga River, which is considered the most sacred river of India, which flows through densely populated areas, which remains a matter of concern, making arrangements for sewer treatment in cities, monitoring industrial flows, Developing rivers, increasing afforestation and biodiversity along river banks, cleaning river beds, not putting any kind of substance in the river and creating awareness among the people etc. These include developing 'Ganga Gram' in Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand.

 

Que3.            What is air pollution? Explaining its reasons, tell the measures to prevent it. Or describe the main sources of air pollution or what are the effects of air pollution on human health?

ANS.

Unwanted substances in the air, such as dust, smoke and smell etc. which reduce the quality of air, are called air pollution.

 

Causes of air pollution: -

1. Smoke from factories and means of transport.

2. Excessive population growth

3. Indiscriminate cutting of trees.

4. Brick kilns

5. Dust storms

6. Volcanic eruption

7. Wildfire

8. Municipal waste and garbage heap

9. Spraying of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in fields

10. Bacteria and viruses.

11. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petrol, and diesel etc.

12. Nuclear explosion

13. Chemical Processes

14. Mining work.

 

Effects of air pollution:-

1. Respiratory diseases, such as asthma, respiratory diseases, skin diseases, allergies etc.

2. Air pollution.

3. Smoke and fog appear.

4. Increase in global warming.

5. Occurrence of acid rain.

6. Increase in greenhouse gases on Earth.

7. WHO report states that air pollution is the biggest killer cause of death in South East Asia.

8. Air pollution is the cause of approximately 8 lakh deaths every year worldwide.

9. Chernobyl (Ukraine), Dzerzhinsk (Russia), Haina (Dominican Republic), Kabwe (Zambia), La Oroya (Peru), Linfen (China), Mailuu-Suu (Kyrgyzstan), Norilsk (Russia), Ranipet (Tamil Nadu, India), Rudnaya Pristan (Russia) etc. cities called Living Hell.

 

Measures to prevent air pollution:-

1. Making strict rules and laws and giving strict punishment for contempt.

2. To control the population.

3. To increase public awareness.

4. Planting trees.

5. Increasing use of public vehicles.

6. Working within the limits of nature.

7. Getting vehicles checked regularly.

8. Increasing the use of hydropower etc. instead of fossil fuels.

9. To use solar energy as much as possible.

10. To dispose of municipal waste.

 

Note - Unwanted substances in the air, such as dust, smoke and smell etc. which reduce the quality of air, are called air pollution.

 

Causes of air pollution: - Smoke from factories and means of transport, excessive population growth, indiscriminate cutting of trees, brick kilns, dusty storms, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, heaps of urban waste and garbage, chemical fertilizers in fields and Spraying of pesticides, bacteria and viruses, burning of fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel etc., nuclear explosions, chemical processes, mining operations etc.

 

Que4.            What is noise pollution? Tell its reasons and its solutions. OR Describe the causes, effects and measures of noise pollution.  

ANS.

Unwanted sound which is unpleasant to the ears is called noise pollution. It is different from water, soil and air pollution because its effects can be immediate as well as permanent.

Noise pollution is measured in decibels (Db). The instrument for measuring decibels is called sound meter. Zero to 25 decibels of sound; Quiet up to 65 decibels; Normal sound up to 65 – 75 decibels; Noise above 75 decibels; Danger to health at 90 to 120 decibels; Sound of 120 to 190 decibels is unbearably painful. According to WHO (World Health Organization), 45 decibel sound is safe for human health. Generally, human ears can clearly hear sounds ranging from 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second.

 

Causes of noise pollution: -

1. Noise of factories and transportation.

2. Noise of airplanes and supersonic aircraft

3. Dynamite explosion.

4. War practice

5. Loudspeaker

6. Volcanic eruption, lightning, thunder

7. DJ, Radio, TV etc.

8. Nuclear explosion

9. Fireworks

10. Mining operations

11. Siren

12. Hawkers

13. Periodic noise related to community activities and festivals

 

Effects of noise pollution:-

1. Burst of eardrum

2. Irritability,

3. Headache,

4. Stress,

5. Anger

6. High blood pressure (HIGH BP)

7. Physical fatigue

8. Insomnia

9. According to a study by Scripps Institute of Oceanography, noise in the oceans has increased 10 times more than in the 1960s. Noise pollution levels in the oceans have been 10 to 12 decibels higher in 2003-04 than in 1964-1966.

 

Measures to prevent noise pollution:-

1. Making strict rules and laws and giving strict punishment for contempt.

2. To increase public awareness.

3. Increasing use of public vehicles.

4. Getting vehicles checked regularly.

5. Using silencers.

6. To entertain in a controlled voice in religious occasions, marriage etc.

7. Prohibiting pressure horns.

8. Planting trees on roadsides etc.

 

Que5.            Write an essay on the problem of urban waste disposal. OR Describe the major problems related to municipal waste disposal in India. OR In which river is Delhi's domestic and industrial waste dumped?

ANS.

Urban areas are highly populated. Due to the increasing population, the cleanliness system here is generally poor. Due to heaps of filth everywhere and polluted air, disposal of municipal waste has become a problem for every big metropolis like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru etc. and small cities and towns.

Piles of solid waste are piling up in cities. For example, a mountain of garbage has formed on Karnal Byepass of Delhi. Delhi's domestic and industrial waste is dumped into the Yamuna River.

Solid waste includes plastic items, polythene bags, waste paper, old furniture, CD, DVD etc., whereas wet waste includes greens and vegetable waste etc. generated after use in daily life.

 

Major problems or effects related to municipal waste disposal:-

1. The smell of solid waste spreads far and wide.

2. A pile of filth becomes a refuge for flies, mosquitoes, rats, pigs and dogs.

3. The foul smell emanating from here becomes a threat to life and living beings.

4. Diseases like typhoid (intermittent fever), diphtheria, diarrhea and cholera spread.

5. Ground water also gets polluted.

 

Solution or disposal of major problems related to municipal waste disposal:-

1. The public should sort garbage before throwing it away.

2. Recycling should be promoted.

3. Research work should be done to generate thermal power etc. from waste.

4. Making organic fertilizer (compost) etc.

5. By spreading public awareness.



 

Que6.            Daurala (Meerut) is an exemplary example of ecological restoration and human health. How ?

ANS. Daurala is a small town in Uttar Pradesh near Meerut. It is located in the north direction from Meerut city on Meerut - Khatauli - Muzaffarnagar National Highway 334, at a distance of 84 km from the National Capital Delhi. Around 12000 populations reside here.



In the sixties (1960-70), many metallurgical and sugar industries started coming up here. As a result, problems like environmental pollution, contamination of drinking water, overcrowding, migration problems, declining quality of life etc. started increasing.

 


These problems got the attention of a non-governmental organization (NGO). This organization started making the people there aware and made efforts for health. The organization used powerful arguments and authentic studies to convince industrial owners, government organizations, district administrations, and other environmental protection advocates.

 

Due to public awareness, efforts of this organization and the help of the district administration, the residual water from the industries was collected through pipeline in a pond 900 m away from here and made reusable. Before this the silt of that pond was cleaned.

 

Structures were built at various places to collect rain water. This reduced the contamination of ground water. More than 1000 trees were planted. These efforts gave a new life to 12000 people of Daurala.

 

Que7.            What is called slum? Describe the problems of Dharavi – Asia's largest slum. OR Describe the problems of slums in India OR Describe the problems of slums in India.

ANS.

Illegally settled, overcrowded human settlements are called slums.

Dharavi (Mumbai), is the largest slum in Asia. There is one toilet for every 1440 persons.

 

It is actually a part of the ocean which is a place filled with garbage. The streets here are so narrow that it is difficult for even a bicycle to pass through. There is only one road through this slum, misnamed ‘Ninety Foot Road’, which has been reduced to less than half its width. Buses pass only on the periphery of Dharavi. Here 10 to 12 people live in each room. There is no shade of trees in Dharavi because it is a treeless colony.

 

However, Dharavi has played an important role in making Mumbai wealthy. The most beautiful, valuable and useful products of the country are made here. Such as – pottery, brocade work, jewellery, wooden mosaic and furniture etc.




The common problems or characteristics of slums are as follows:-

1. These are illegal settlements situated on vacant land, private or public land.

2. In this, the owner of the land is not the land owner but he is in illegal possession of the land.

3. Housing conditions in these settlements are very low.

4. The streets here are very narrow.

5. The houses in these are kutcha and small.

6. There is lack of pure air, water, toilets etc. in these settlements.

7. There is a lot of crowd here.

8. Most of the low income people live here.

9. Dilapidated house

10. Anti-social problems like poverty, crime, alcoholism, drug trade, hooliganism etc.

11. Most of their residents are migrant population.

12. In India, these are known by the names unauthorized settlement, illegal settlement, slum and Jhuggi Jhopari etc.

 

They are known by the names Ranchos in Venezuela, Favelas in Brazil, Cavities / KEVTTIES in Myanmar and Shanty Towns in many other places.




Map showing major SLUM area in World



Que8.            Why is Jhabua famous?

ANS.

1. Reasons to improve the condition of the environment

2. Due to water management

 

Que9.            What is land degradation? Tell its reasons and its solutions. Or suggest measures to reduce land degradation.

ANS.

Reduction in the production capacity of land or erosion of land is called land degradation. At present, 13 crore hectares of land in India, 56% of which is eroded by water, is degraded.

 

Reasons for land degradation:-

1. Deforestation/Deforestation,

2. Excessive pastoralism,

3. Mining

4. Over-irrigation

5. Use of excessive fertilizers

6. Overuse of pesticides

7. Heavy rain

8. Soil erosion

 

Mining is the main cause of land degradation in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP, Odisha and Maharashtra etc. Animal grazing is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, and Maharashtra etc. The main reasons for land degradation in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh are over-irrigation, water logging, fertilizers and pesticides etc.

 

Main measures to prevent soil degradation:-

1. Planting forests,

2. Managing pastureland,

3. Installing shelter belts for trees,

4. To control animal grazing,

5. Planting thorny bushes on sandy dunes,

6. To control mining,

7. Using green and organic fertilizers,

8. To manage irrigation,

9. Purifying water,

10. To manage barren lands.

 

Que 10 Choose the correct answer from the four options given below:-

(i) Which of the following river is highly polluted river?

(a) Brahmaputra River (b) Sutlej River (c) Yamuna River (d) Godavari River

ANS. (c) Yamuna River

(ii) Which one of the following diseases is caused by water pollution?

(a) Conjunctivitis (b) Diarrhea (c) Noise pollution (d) Air pollution

ANS. (b) diarrhea

(iii) Which one of the following is the cause of acid rain?

(a) Water pollution (b) Land pollution (c) Noise pollution (d) Air pollution

ANS. (d) air pollution

(iv) Push and pull factors are responsible for -

(a) Migration (b) Land degradation (c) Slums (d) Air pollution

ANS. (a) Migration


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