Class 12th India People and Economy Chapter 5 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES Exercise Solution (English Medium)
EXERCISES
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.
(i) In which one of the following States are the major oil fields located?
(a) Assam
(b) Bihar
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer - (a) Assam
Answer - (a) Assam
Note - With over 100 oilfields, Assam leads as the state with the greatest number of oilfields. It also has major oilfields like Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan.
Bihar hardly has any oilfield; Tamil Nadu has a coal mine at Neyveli and reserves of natural gas and nothing else. Rajasthan, like Bihar is yet to discover whether it has any oil deposits.
Bihar hardly has any oilfield; Tamil Nadu has a coal mine at Neyveli and reserves of natural gas and nothing else. Rajasthan, like Bihar is yet to discover whether it has any oil deposits.
(ii) At which one of the following places was the first atomic power station started?
(a) Kalpakkam
(b) Narora
(c) Rana Pratap Sagar
(d) Tarapur
(iii) Which one of the following minerals is known as brown diamond?
(a) Iron
(b) Lignite
Answer - (d) Tarapur
Note - Tarapur Atomic Power Station (T.A.P.S), started in the year 1962 (operational in 1969) was the first nuclear power plant in India. The construction for Kalpakkam Atomic power station begain in 1970, Rana Pratap Sagar is a dam and Norara was operational only in 1991.
(a) Iron
(b) Lignite
(c) Manganese
(d) Mica
(iv) Which one of the following is non-renewable source of energy?
(a) Hydel
(b) Solar
Answer - (b) Lignite
Note - Lignite is known as ‘brown diamond OR Brown Coal’ because of its brown colour.
(a) Hydel
(b) Solar
(c) Thermal
(d) Wind power
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Give an account of the distribution of mica in India.
Answer - Mica is mainly used in the electrical and electronic industries. It can be split into very thin sheets which are tough and flexible.
Answer - (c) Thermal
Note - Thermal source of energy comes from heating up of water to run a turbine to produce electricity. This heating up of water is achieved with the help of coal, which is a non-renewable resource. Hence, thermal energy is a non-renewable source of energy.
(i) Give an account of the distribution of mica in India.
Answer - Mica is mainly used in the electrical and electronic industries. It can be split into very thin sheets which are tough and flexible.
Mica in India is produced in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telanganga and Rajasthan followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. In Jharkhand, high quality mica is obtained in a belt extending over a distance of about 150 km, in length and about 22 km, in width in lower Hazaribagh plateau. In Andhra Pradesh, Nellore district produces the best quality mica. In Rajasthan, mica belt extends for about 320 kms from Jaipur to Bhilwara and around Udaipur. Mica deposits also occur in Mysuru and Hasan districts of Karanataka, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu, Alleppey in Kerala, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal.
(ii) What is nuclear power? Mention the important nuclear power stations in India.
Answer - Nuclear power is a recently discovered non-conventional source of energy, which is produced by either combining lighter atoms or by bombarding heavier atoms. These reactions (fusion or fission) produce enormous amount of heat energy.
Important Nuclear Power Stations in India are:
(From North to South)
• Narora (Uttar Pradesh)
• Narora (Uttar Pradesh)
• Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan)
• Kakarapara (Gujarat)
• Tarapur (Maharashtra)
• Kaiga (Karnataka)
• Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu)
• Kaiga (Karnataka)
• Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu)
Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times. Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium.
👉Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks. Geographically, uranium ores are known to occur in several locations along the Singbhum Copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh.
👉Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. World’s richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, near Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi River delta in Odisha.
👉Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1948, progress could be made only after the establishment of the Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay in 1954 which was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967.
👉Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1948, progress could be made only after the establishment of the Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay in 1954 which was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967.
(iii) Name non-ferrous metal. Discuss their spatial distribution.
Answer - Non-ferrous metals found in India are Bauxite and Copper.
👉Odisha is the largest producer of Bauxite, and the cities of Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers. Besides, Lohardaga in Jharkhand, Bhavnagar and Jamnagar in Gujarat have major deposits. Other producers are: Katni-Jabalpur and Balaghat areas of M.P., Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in Maharashtra, and the Amarkantak plateau in Chhattisgarh.
👉Copper deposits occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat in M.P. and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan. Other minor producers are Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, Chitradurg and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).
(vi) What are non-conventional sources of energy?
Answer - Non-Conventional sources of energy, as the name suggests, are sources of energy different from the earlier energy sources, in the sense that these are more equitably distributed, sustainable, eco-friendly cheaper energy after the initial cost is taken care of. Eg: Nuclear energy, Solar energy, Wind energy, Geothermal energy, energy from biomass, etc. These energy sources are sustainable and renewable energy resources.
Answer - Non-ferrous metals found in India are Bauxite and Copper.
👉Odisha is the largest producer of Bauxite, and the cities of Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers. Besides, Lohardaga in Jharkhand, Bhavnagar and Jamnagar in Gujarat have major deposits. Other producers are: Katni-Jabalpur and Balaghat areas of M.P., Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in Maharashtra, and the Amarkantak plateau in Chhattisgarh.
👉Copper deposits occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat in M.P. and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan. Other minor producers are Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, Chitradurg and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).
Answer - Non-Conventional sources of energy, as the name suggests, are sources of energy different from the earlier energy sources, in the sense that these are more equitably distributed, sustainable, eco-friendly cheaper energy after the initial cost is taken care of. Eg: Nuclear energy, Solar energy, Wind energy, Geothermal energy, energy from biomass, etc. These energy sources are sustainable and renewable energy resources.
3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
(i) Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India.
Answer - Petroleum - Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states varying in chemical composition, colour and specific gravity. It is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and aircraft. Its numerous by-products are processed in petrochemical industries, such as fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics. Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold because of its scarcity and diversified uses.
Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oil exploration and production was systematically taken up after the Oil and Natural Gas Commission was set up in 1956. Till then, Digboi in Assam was the only oil producing region, but the scenario changed after 1956. In recent years, new oil deposits have been found at the extreme western and eastern parts of the country. In Assam, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran are important oil producing areas. The major oilfields of Gujarat are Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba and Lunej. Mumbai High which lies 160 km off Mumbai was discovered in 1973 and production commenced in 1976. Oil and natural gas have been found in exploratory wells in Krishna-Godavari (KG Basin) and Kaveri basin on the east coast.(i) Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India.
Answer - Petroleum - Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states varying in chemical composition, colour and specific gravity. It is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and aircraft. Its numerous by-products are processed in petrochemical industries, such as fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics. Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold because of its scarcity and diversified uses.
Oil extracted from the wells is crude oil and contains many impurities. It cannot be used directly. It needs to be refined. There are two types of refineries in India: (a) field-based and (b) market-based. Digboi is an example of field-based and Barauni is an example of market-based refinery.
Natural Gas - The Gas Authority of India Limited was set up in 1984 as a public sector undertaking to transport and market natural gas. It is obtained along with oil in all the oilfields, but exclusive reserves have been located along the eastern coast as well as (Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh), Tripura, Rajasthan and offshore wells in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
(ii) Write an essay on hydel power in India.
Answer - India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world. Producing over 13% of India’s requirement, hydel power constitute a major source of power in India. The hydel power generation, in India, began in the year 1897 with establishment of hydropower plant in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, with an installed capacity of 130 KW. The hydropower potential of India is around 1,45,000 MW and at 60% load factor, it can meet the demand of around 85,000 MW. As of now, around 26% of hydropower potential has been exploited in India.
A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversation to electricity takes place. The first step is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and rivers. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns the turbine. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy and into electricity. This electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is released back into the lakes, streams or rivers. Since, no pollutant is added to the water nor is it used up in the process, hydropower generation is a renewable source of energy.
Of late, the growth of hydel power has been the slowest in India. The installed hydro capacity at the end of 2018 was around 45,000 MW, an annual growth of just 1%, the lowest since 2009. Moreover, between 2008 and 2019, hydel power’s share of India’s total installed electricity capacity has halved from 25% to 13%. While hydropower is renewable, its social and environmental impact means that big hydel projects are no longer equated with solar, wind and biomass energy. Consequently, the government has stopped categorizing hydel projects larger than 25 MW as renewable.
A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversation to electricity takes place. The first step is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and rivers. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns the turbine. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy and into electricity. This electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is released back into the lakes, streams or rivers. Since, no pollutant is added to the water nor is it used up in the process, hydropower generation is a renewable source of energy.
Of late, the growth of hydel power has been the slowest in India. The installed hydro capacity at the end of 2018 was around 45,000 MW, an annual growth of just 1%, the lowest since 2009. Moreover, between 2008 and 2019, hydel power’s share of India’s total installed electricity capacity has halved from 25% to 13%. While hydropower is renewable, its social and environmental impact means that big hydel projects are no longer equated with solar, wind and biomass energy. Consequently, the government has stopped categorizing hydel projects larger than 25 MW as renewable.