Chapter 4
Human Development
Que1.
Choose the correct answer from the
four options given below:-
(i) Which
of the following best describes development?
(a) Increase in size (b)
positive increase in quality
(c) Stability in shape
(d) Simple change in property
Ans. (b)
positive increase in quality
(ii)
The concept of human development is the
contribution of which of the following scholars?
(a) Prof. Amartya Sen
(b) Dr. Mehboob-ul-Haq (c) Alan C. Semple (d) Ratzal
Ans. (b)
Dr. Mehboob-ul-Haq
Que2.
Answer the following questions in
about 30 words :-
(i) What are the three basic areas of human
development?
Ans. The Human Development Index measures the level of human
development on three parameters, namely, the average achievements of health,
education and access to resources. On these bases a list is prepared and a
hierarchy of countries is prepared. The minimum and maximum values of each
indicator are fixed to prepare the index. As -
1.The
indicator chosen to evaluate health is life expectancy at birth, with a minimum
value of 25 years and a maximum of 85
years.
2.
To
indicate access to knowledge, indicators such as adult literacy rate and gross
enrollment ratio are taken, which are measured between 0
and 100%.
3.
Access
to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power in US dollars, with a
minimum value of $100 and a maximum of $40,000.
(ii) Name the four major components of human
development.
Ans. Four pillars or components or parameters of
human development:-
1. Equality
means that every person has access to resources.
2. Sustainable
Sustainability, ie use of resources in an economical way.
3. Productivity,
that is, the ability to work in human society.
4. Empowerment
means making people strong and empowered to act and make choices.
(iii)
How
are countries classified on the basis of Human Development Index?
Ans. The
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX is measured between 0 and 1. A country, whose score is closer to 1,
has a higher level of human development. According to the Human Development
Index for the year 2020, 189
countries of the world were ranked. On the basis of Human Development Index 2020, the position of the countries of the world is as follows:-
(a) Countries with very high human
development whose HDI is above 0.8. Their number is 66.
(b) Countries with high human
development whose HDI ranges from 0.700 to 0.799.
Their number is 53.
(c) Countries with medium human
development whose HDI ranges from 0.550 to 0.699.
Their number is 37.
(d) Countries with low human
development whose HDI is below 0.549. Their number is 33.
Que3.
Answer the
following questions in about 150 words:-
(i) What do you mean by the term human
development?
Ans. The
concept of human development was propounded by Pakistani economist Dr.
Mehboob-ul-Haq. He created the HDI- Human Development Index in 1990.
The same index was used by the United Nations Development Program to present
its annual report.
Dr.
Mehboob-ul-Haq envisioned such human development in which options increase for
the people, so that human beings can live life with self-confidence.
The
basic objective of the concept of human development is to create such conditions
in which people can lead a meaningful life (healthy and rational life).
According
to the Human Development Report of 1990 – “Human
development is the process of developing the aspirations of human beings and
the level of living facilities available to them”.
Human
development is measured between 0 and 1. A
country, whose score is closer to 1, has a higher level of
human development.
According
to the Human Development Index for the year 2020, 189 countries of the world were ranked. Based on the Human
Development Index, 66 countries of the world have very
high levels of human development, whose HDI is above 0.8. High
human development is found in 53 countries whose HDI
ranges from 0.700 to 0.799. Countries
with a medium human development index, whose HDI ranges from 0.550
to 0.699, include 37 countries.
Whereas 33 countries have low HDI level. Whose HDI is
below 0.549.
(ii) What do you understand by equity and
sustainable sustainability within the concept of human development?
Ans. Following are the four main pillars of human development:-
1.
Equality:-
Equality means access of every person to resources i.e. opportunities are
available to the people without discrimination of religion, caste, sex, place
of birth and income.
2.
Sustainable
Sustainability: - It means - to use resources in
such a way that they are available for the future, while meeting the needs of
the present. That is, to save resources for future generations, that is, to use
resources thrifty.
3.Productivity:-
It means – the way of working in human society and the ability to improve it.
That is, the productivity of any society depends on the healthy working
population of that society and its capacity.
4.
Empowerment:-
It means to make people strong and powerful to act and make choices. E.g. EMPOWER
women and backward classes by educating them.