NCERT Exercises
1. What do you
understand by 'people as a resource'?
Ans. 'People as Resource' is a way of referring to a
country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and
abilities. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in
the form of education, training and medical care. In fact, human capital is the
stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in them.
2. How is human
resource different from other resources like land and physical capital?
Ans.
Human Resource –
1. It is an active factor of production; human resource can make
use of other and physical capital also.
2. It is not just for production but also for consumption.
3. Tailors, engineers, Doctors, teachers are example of human
resource.
Other
resources (land and physical resources) –
1. These are the
passive factors of production; these factors can’t be useful themselves and
require agents like human labor.
2. These factors are
for production only.
3. Machines, tools,
buildings are the example of physical capital whereas forests, water are
examples of land.
3. What is the
role of education in human capital formation?
Ans.
Education is the most significant element of human
resource development. It makes people capable of reading, writing, speaking and
understanding.
1. It improves the
level of understanding of various important aspects of life.
2. It is helpful in
opening new scopes for the people in different fields and provides
encouragement.
3. It develops
knowledge, skill and value of life.
4. It is helpful in
improving human behavior.
5. It is helpful in
enhancing the total productivity of a labour.
6. It promotes
rational and scientific outlook for the solution of problems faced by the
country.
4. What is the
role of health in human capital formation?
Ans.
Role of health in human capital formation: Health plays a significant role
same as education. Health doesn’t mean that you don’t have any disease but also
it means that favorable condition of physical and mental well-being. So, for
the growth of the economy a person’s health is very important to be good which
plays vital role in human capital formation.
5. What part does
health play in the individual’s working life?
Ans. Good health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social wellbeing. If a person is not healthy then she/he
won’t be able to work properly. Workers, whose health is not good, fall sick
quite often and they cannot do their jobs efficiently.
6. What are the
various activities undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and
tertiary sector?
Ans. Various activities undertaken may be
classified under three sectors namely (i) Primary sector, (ii) Secondary sector
and (iii) Tertiary sector.
1. Primary Sector: The primary sector involves agriculture,
forestry, poultry, animal husbandry and mining. This sector deals with using
the resources available in the natural form and converting them into some
usable products of consumption. This sector basically deals with agricultural
activities.
2. Secondary Sector: The secondary sector involves construction
of manufacturing which refers to the process of converting raw materials into
finished goods.
3. Tertiary Sector: The tertiary sector involves transport,
communication, banking, health, education, insurance etc. This sector is
responsible for maintaining and increasing the efficiency of the activities in
both the other sectors.
7. What is the
difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?
Ans. Economic Activities - The activities which are performed for
money and results in economic income are called economic activities.
These activities add value to the national income.
Non-Economic
Activities Those
activities which are not performed for money and do not result in economic
income are called non-economic activities.
8. Why are women
employed in low paid work?
Ans.
Education and skill are
the major determinants of the earning of any individual in the market. A
majority of women have meagre education and low skill formation. Women are paid
low compared to men. Most women work where job security is not there. Various
activities relating to legal protection is meagre. Employment in this sector is
characterised by irregular and low income.
9. How will you
explain the term unemployment?
Ans. Unemployment: Unemployment is a condition when the workforce
population includes people from 15 years to 59 years wants to work at the going
wages, but they cannot find jobs.
10. What is the
difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment?
Ans. Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during
some months of the year. People dependent upon agriculture usually face such
kind of problem. There are certain busy seasons when sowing, harvesting,
weeding and threshing is done. Certain months do not provide much work to the
people dependent on agriculture.
In case of disguised
unemployment people appear to be employed. They have agricultural plot
where they find work. This usually happens among family members engaged in
agricultural activity. The work requires the service of five people but
engages eight people. Three people are extra. These three people also work
in the same plot as the others. If these three people are removed, the
productivity of the field will not decline. The field requires the service of
five people and the three extra people are disguised unemployed.
11. Why is
educated unemployed, a peculiar problem of India?
Ans.
In case of urban areas educated
unemployment has become a common phenomenon. Many youth with matriculation,
graduation and post-graduation degrees are not able to find job.
A
study showed that unemployment of graduate and post-graduate has increased
faster than among matriculates. There is unemployment among technically
qualified person on one hand, while there is a dearth of technical skills
required for economic growth.
12. In which
field do you think India can build the maximum employment opportunity?
Ans. In my opinion India can build the
maximum employment opportunity in the manufacturing sector which is also known
as secondary sector. Establishment of a single manufacturing unit has
the ability to provide employment to multiple skilled workers. This is also
important as it kick starts a cycle of events which culminate in the eventual
improvement of lifestyle and standard of those working in and around the
manufacturing unit.
13. Can you
suggest some measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the
educated unemployed?
Ans.
Following are the measures which may be suggested
with regard to education system to reduce the problem of educated unemployed:
1. Education system
must be made job oriented and not just for academic purpose.
2. It must be made
more practical than theoretical.
3. The student must be
made aware and encouraged about self-employment and not being dependent on jobs
only.
4. Various innovative
methods like interactive course material, smart learning programs etc. can be
very helpful in generating interest amongst the students.
14. Can you
imagine some village which initially had no job opportunities but later came up
with many?
Ans.
Yes, there are so many examples of such
villages which initially had no job opportunities but later there industrial
development increased the jobs in that area. Likely Gurugram in Haryana was a
village in ancient time, but industrial development and IT sector increased the
job opportunities there and it’s became a great job hub and metropolitan city
of Haryana.
15. Which capital
would you consider the best — land, labour, physical capital and human capital?
Why?
Ans.
Among land, labour,
physical capital and human capital, human capital will be considered the best
capital because it is an active factor of production whereas all the other
three are passive factors of production.
It is the human
capital which produces the goods and services by combining the other three
factors of production because these three factors will be useless without human
capital. But at the same time, we can’t ignore these three factors as all
factors are compliments of each other.
The quality of human
capital can also be improved by investing in the value adding measures like
education. The value off other resources generally depreciates with time but as
through time human capital gains experience, thus its value and efficacy
increase.